ALL INDIAN HISTORICAL NEWSPAPERS

History of newspapers and magazines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Newspaper Being packed for delivery, Paris 1848

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins Were circulated at times in some centralized empires. The earliest newspapers date to 17th-century Europe Rapidly When printed periodicals Began to replace the practice of hand-writing newssheets. The emergence of the new media branch has to be seen in close connection With The simultaneous spread of the printing press from publishing press Which Derives the name STI. [1] At the same time, then a, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word Also Entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.

contents

     January 16th century to 1800
         1.1 First newspapers
         1.2 Dutch Republic
         1.3 British newspapers
         1.4 British magazines
         1.5 North America
         1.6 India
     2 Modern newspapers since 1800
         2.1 Technology
         2.2 New agencies
         2.3 Britain
             2.3.1 The Times
             2.3.2 Other main papers
             2.3.3 New Journalism
         2.4 France
         2.5 Latin America
     3 United States
     4 Asian newspapers
         4.1 India
         4.2 China
     5 See also
     6 Notes and references
     7 Further reading
         7.1 Asia
         7.2 Europe
         7.3 Britain
         7.4 Canada
         United States 7.5
         7.6 Readership
         7.7 Magazines
         7.8 Historiography
         7.9 Primary sources

16th century to 1800

One example of esta type of merchant was the 16th-century German financialist, Fugger. I not only Received His business news from correspondents, But Also sensationalist news and gossip as well. It is evident in the correspondence network of Fugger With His fiction and fact That Were Both significant parts of early news publications.

Also 16th century Germany saw subscription-based, handwritten news. Those Who Were subscribed to in Original publications Generally low-level government Officials And Also merchants. They Could not Afford other types of news publications, but had enough money to pay for a subscription, Which was still expensive for the time.

Avvisi, or Gazzettes (not Gazettes) Were A mid-16th-century Venice phenomenon. They Were issued on single sheets, folded to form four pages, and issued on a weekly schedule. These publications Reached a larger audience than handwritten HAD news in early Rome. Their format and appearance at regular intervals Were two major Influences on the newspaper as we know it today. The notion of a weekly, handwritten newssheet Went from Italy to Germany and Then to Holland.
First newspapers
See also: List of the oldest newspapers and History of British newspapers
Title page of Carolus' Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper

The term newspaper Became common in the 17th century. However, in Germany, would publications That We Consider today to be newspaper publications, appearing as early as Were the 16th century. They Were discernibly newspapers for the following Reasons: They were printed, dated, Appeared at a regular and frequent intervals publication, and included a variety of news items (UNLIKE single news item Mentioned above). The first newspaper según modern definitions was the Relation Strasbourg, in the early 17th century. German newspapers, like avisis, Were Organized by the location from Which They Came, and by date. They differed from avisis in Because They employed a distinct and highly illustrated title page, and an overall Applied They date to each issue.

The emergence of the new media branch was based on the spread of the printing press from publishing the press Which Derives name it. [2]

The German-language Relation aller Furnemmen und gedenckwurdigen Historien, from 1605 onwards printed by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is Often Recognized as the first newspaper. [3] [4] At the time, Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa, published in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel.

Other early papers include the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, & c. of 1618 Which was the first to Appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, Quickly Became home to newspapers in many languages, Before They Were Often published in Their Own Country. [5]

The first Inglés-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys. was published in England by an "N.B." (Generally thought to be Either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer. [6]

The first newspaper was published in France in 1631, The Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France). [7]

The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was published in 1641 in Lisbon. The first English newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now Publishes Solely online. [8]

Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, the Netherlands, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge With The Haarlems Dagblad newspaper in 1942. When Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then a the Haarlems Dagblad Appears With The subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656 and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still publishing.

Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661.

The first Successful Inglés daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735. [5] [9]

News was highly selective and Often propagandistic. Were Readers eager for sensationalism,: such as accounts of magic, public Executions and disasters; esta materials did not pose a threat to the state, Because it did not pose criticism of the state.
Dutch Republic

Newspaper publications, under the name of corantos, meat to the Dutch Republic in the 17th century, first to Amsterdam, Which was a center of trade and travel travelers, an obvious locale for news publication. The term coranto ADOPTED by other countries country was for a time as well. The coranto differed from previous German newspapers before it in format. The coranto dropped the highly illustrated German title page, Instead Including a title on the upper first page of the publication - the masthead common in today's periodicals. Also ADOPTED corantos a two-column format, UNLIKE the previous single-column format, and Were issued on halfsheets.
British newspapers
Main articles: History of British newspapers and Media of Scotland

The coranto form Influenced British newspapers. On 7 November 1665, The London Gazette (at first called The Oxford Gazette) Began publication. [10] It is Considered to be the newspaper That decisively changed the look of Inglés news printing, echoing the coranto format of two columns, a clear title , and a clear date. It was published twice a week. [11] Other Inglés papers started to publish three times a week, and later the first daily papers Emerged. This was partly due to the Postal system in Between Dover and London.

Newspapers generally included articles in short, ephemeral topics, some illustrations and service articles (classifieds). They Were Often written by multiple authors,, Although the authors' identities Were Often obscured. They Began to Contain some Advertisements, And They did not yet include sections. Mass market Emerged papers, treats including Sunday papers for workers to read in Their leisure time. The Times ADOPTED new technologies and in September the standards for other newspapers. This newspaper covered major wars, Among other major events.
British magazines

The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1731, in London, is Considered to Have Been the first General-interest magazine. Edward Cave, lowest edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse of varied materiel, originally derived from the Arabic makhazin "Storehouses." [12]

The oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots Magazine, Which was first published in 1739, though multiple Changes in ownership and gaps in publication totaling over 90 years weaken That claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; it is still published as a daily business newspaper.
North America
See also: History of American newspapers and History of Canadian newspapers
Untitled watercolor (c. 1863) of a man reading a newspaper by Henry Louis Stephens. The headline reports the Emancipation Proclamation.
Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918.

In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is Considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the colonial Officials, Possibly due to censorship issues and control. It Followed the two-column format and was a single sheet, printed on Both Sides.

In 1704, the governor allowed the Boston News-Letter, a weekly, to be published, and it Became the first Continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers Began publishing in New York and Philadelphia. The second Inglés-language newspaper in the Americas was the Weekly Jamaica Courant. [13] These early newspapers Followed Were the British format and usually we four pages long. They mostly carried interest news from Britain and content Depend on the editor's Interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post Became the first American daily.

In 1751, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper.
India

In 1766, a British editor, William Bolts, started the first newspapers for the Inglés audience in Calcutta. I Criticized ruling the East India Company, and it sent him back to England. In 1780, James Augustus Hickey published Bengal Gazette / General Calcutta Adviser. The size of That four-page newspaper was 12 "x8". Hickey was too Against the Government and published internal Company news of the employees of the Company. It retaliated by keeping it out of the mail And eventually suppressed it. In November 1781, India Gazette Appeared; it supported the government.


Modern newspapers since 1800
Technology

In 1814, The Times of London acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour. [14] It was soon nuevo to print on Both Sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and just thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper meat to the market:.. Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript [15] Penny press papers acerca cost one-sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience [16] Newspaper editors Exchanged copies and freely reprinted material. By the late 1840s telegraph networks linked major and minor cities and permitted overnight news reporting. [17]
New agencies
Main article: News agency

Only a few large newspapers Could Afford Their home city bureaus outside. They relied on news agencies Instead, founded around 1859, Havas Especially in France and the Associated Press in the US Agenzia Stefani covered Italy. Former employees Havas Reuters founded in Britain and Wolff in Germany. Havas is now Agence France-Presse (AFP). [18] For international news, the agencies Their pooled resources, So THAT Havas, for example, covered the French Empire, South America and the Balkans and shared the news With The other national agencies . In France the typical Contract with Havas provided to provincial newspaper telegraphed With 1800 lines of text daily, for an annual subscription rate of 10,000 francs. Other agencies provided features and fiction for Their subscribers. [19] The major news agencies Have always operated on a basic philosophy of providing a single objective news feed to all subscribers. For example, They Do not Provide separate feeds for conservative or liberal newspapers. Explains the philosophy Fenby:

     to Achieve Such wide acceptability, the agencies Avoid overt partiality. Demonstrably correct information is Their stock in trade. Traditionally, They report at a reduced level of responsibility, attributing Their information to a Spokesman, the press, or other sources. They Avoid making Judgments and steer clear of Doubt and ambiguity. Though Their founders did not use the word, objectivity is the philosophical basis for Their enterprises - or failing That, Widely acceptable neutrality [20].

Britain
Main article: History of British newspapers

With sharply rising literacy, the Rapidly growing demand for news, led to Changes in the physical size, visual appeal, heavy use of war reporting, brisk writing style, and an emphasis on speedy reporting omnipresent thanks to the telegraph. London set the pace before 1870 but by the 1880s Critics NOTED how London was echoing the emerging New York style of journalism. [21] The new news writing style first spread to the provincial press-through the Midland Daily Telegraph around 1900. [22]

By the early 19th century, There Were 52 London papers and over 100 other titles. In 1802 and 1815 the tax on newspapers was Increased to three pence and then a four pence. Unable or unwilling to pay esta fee, Between 1831 and 1835 Hundreds of newspapers made untaxed Their appearance. The political tone of most of it was fiercely revolutionary them. Their publishers esta Were prosecuted but failed to get rid of them. It was chiefly Milner Gibson and Richard Cobden WHO Advocated the case in parliament to first reduced in 1836 and in 1855 totally repeal of the tax on newspapers. After the reduction of the stamp tax in 1836 from four pence to one penny, the circulation of newspapers Inglés rose from 39 million to 122 million by 1854; Exacerbated by a technological trend Further Improvements in rail transportation and telegraphic communication combined With growing literacy.
The Times
Main article: The Times § History
Front page 4 December 1788

The paper Began in 1785 and in 1788 was renamed The Times. In 1817, Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor; I was a political radical, a sharp critic of parliamentary hypocrisy and a champion of freedom of the press. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the Influence of The Times rose to great heights, Especially in politics and Amongst the City of London. It spoke for reform. [23] Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling Were two NOTED Journalists, and Gained for The Times the pompous / satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform." ) The paper was the first in the world to reach mass circulation due con sus early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. It was Properly Also the first national newspaper, as it was distributed via the new steam railways to Rapidly growing urban Concentrations of Populations across the country. This Helped Ensure the profitability of the paper and Its Influence growing. [24]

The Times was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover wars. WH Russell, the paper's correspondent With The army in the Crimean War of the mid-1850s, wrote dispatches immensely influential; for the first time the public Could read about the reality of warfare. In particularly, on September 20, 1854, Russell wrote a missive acerca That one battle Highlighted the surgeons' "humane barbarity" and the falta de ambulance care for wounded troops. Shocked and outraged, the public's backlash led to major Reforms. [25] The Times Became Famous for its influential leaders (editorials). For example, Robert Lowe wrote them Between 1851 and 1868 on a wide range of economic topics: such as free trade (Which I Favored). [26]

Allan Nevins, the historian of journalism, in 1959 Analyzed The Importance of The Times in shaping views of London's elite events:

     For much more than a century The Times has-been an integrated and Important part of the political structure of Great Britain. Its news and Its Editorial comment Have Been Carefully Coordinated in General, at MOST times and Have Been Handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has ADMITTED some trivia con sus columns, itsa whole emphasis has-been on public affairs Important Treated With an eye to the best Interests of Britain. To guide esta treatment, the editors unavailable for long periods close Been In Touch with 10 Downing Street. [27]

Other main papers
Main articles: Manchester Guardian and The Daily Telegraph

The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of non-conformist businessmen. Its Most Famous editor, Charles Prestwich Scott, made the Guardian into a world-famous newspaper in the 1890s. [28] The Daily Telegraph was first published on June 29, 1855 and was Purchased by Joseph Moses Levy the following year. Levy produced it as the first penny newspaper in London. His are, Edward Lawson soon Became editor, a post I held Until 1885. The Daily Telegraph Became the organ of the middle class and the largest circulation Could claim in the world in 1890. It held a consistent Liberal Party allegiance Until opposing Gladstone's foreign policy When in 1878 it turned Unionist. [29]
New Journalism

The New Journalism Reached out to the elite but not to a popular audience. [30] Especially influential was William Thomas Stead, a controversial journalist and editor WHO Pioneered the art of investigative journalism. Stead's 'new journalism' paved the way for the modern tabloid. He was influential in demonstrating how the press Could Be used to Influence public review and government policy, and Advocated "government by journalism". Also I was Well Known For His reportage on child welfare, social legislation and reformation of England's criminal codes. [31]

Stead Became assistant editor of the Liberal Pall Mall Gazette in September 1880 Where have acerca revolutionizing a traditionally conservative newspaper "written by gentlemen for gentlemen." Over the next seven years Stead what Matthew Arnold would Develop dubbed 'The New Journalism'. His innovations as editor of the Gazette included Incorporating maps and diagrams into a newspaper for the first time, breaking up longer articles with eye-catching subheadings and blending Those With His Own opinions of the people I Interviewed. I made a feature of the Pall Mall extras, and his enterprise and originality exercised a potent Influence on contemporary journalism and politics. Stead Introduced the interview, creating a new dimension in British journalism When I Interviewed General Gordon in 1884. He originated the modern journalistic technique of creating a news event rather than just reporting it, with His Most Famous 'investigation', the Eliza Armstrong case. [32]

Matthew Arnold, the leading critic of the day, of declared in 1887 That the New Journalism, "is full of abitur, novelty, variety, sensation, sympathy, generous instincts." However, I added, its "one great fault is That it is feather-brained." [33]
France
Main article: History of French newspapers
A copy of L'Ami du peuple stained With The blood of Marat

In the Old regime There Were a small number of heavily censored newspapers That needed a royal license to operate. The first newspaper was the Gazette de France, was established in 1632 by the king's physician Theophrastus Renaudot (1586-1653), with the patronage of Louis XIII. [34] Were All newspapers subject to prepublication censorship, and served as instruments of propaganda, for the monarchy. Dissidents used satire and hidden meanings to spread Their political criticism. [35]

Newspapers and pamphlets played role in The Enlightenment in France and They played at central role in stimulating and defining the Revolution. The meetings of the Estates-General in 1789 created an Enormous demand for news, and over 130 newspapers Appeared by the end of the year. The next decade saw newspapers founded 2000, with 500 in Paris alone. Most Lasted only a matter of weeks. Together They Became the main communication medium, very large combined With The pamphlet literature. [36] Newspapers Were read aloud in taverns and clubs, and circulated hand to hand. The press saw ITS lofty role to be the advancement of civic republicanism based on public service, and downplayed the liberal, individualistic goal of making a profit. [37] [38] [39] [40] In the Revolution the radicals Were most active but the royalists flooded the country With Their press the "Ami du Roi" (Friends of the King) Until They Were suppressed. [41] Napoleon allowed only one newspaper in each department and four in Paris, all under tight control.

In the revolutionary days of 1848 former Saint-Simoniennes founded a club for the Emancipation of Women; STI in 1848 it changed name to The Société de la Voix des Femmes (Society for Women's Voice) in line With Its new newspaper, La Voix des Femmes. It was France's first feminist daily and proclaimed itself "a socialist and political journal, the organ of the Interests of all women." It Lasted for only a few weeks as did two other feminist newspapers; women occasionally Contributed articles to the magazines, Often under a synonym. [42]

The democratic political structure of France, 1870-1914, was supported by the proliferation of newspapers. The circulation of the daily press in Paris Went from 1 million in 1870 to 5 million in 1910; it leveled off and then a 6 million in 1939. Reached Advertising Grew Rapidly, providing a steady financial basis. A new liberal press law of 1881 abandoned the restrictive practices That HAD Been typical for a century. High-speed rotary presses Hoe, Introduced in the 1860s, Facilitated quick turnaround time and cheaper publication. New types of popular newspapers, Le Petit Journal Especially Reached an audience more interested in diverse entertainment and gossip rather than hard news. It captured a quarter of the Parisian market, and forced the rest to Their lower prices. The main dailies employed Their Own WHO Journalists competed for news flashes. All newspapers relied upon the Agence Havas (now Agence France-Presse), a telegraphic news service with a network of reporters and Contracts With Reuters to Provide world service. The staid old papers Retained Their loyal clientele Because of Their concentration on serious political issues. [43]

The Roman Catholic order Assumptionist media pressure group revolutionized by STI national newspaper La Croix. It vigorously Advocated for traditional Catholicism while at the same time innovating With The MOST modern technology and distribution systems, with regional editions tailored to the local taste. Secularists and Republicans Recognize the newspaper as Their greatest enemy, Especially When it took the lead in attacking Dreyfus as a traitor and stirred up anti-Semitism up. When Dreyfus was pardoned, the Radical government in 1900 closed down the order and Its Entire Assumptionist newspaper. [44]

Banks secretly paid Un certain newspapers to Promote Interests particularly financial, and hide or cover up possible MOST behavior. They Also took payments for positive notices in news articles of commercial products. Sometimes, a business newspaper would blackmail by threatening to publish unfavorable information to the business UNLESS Immediately started advertising in the paper. Foreign Governments, Especially Russia and Turkey, secretly paid the press Hundreds of Thousands of francs a year to guarantee positive coverage of the bonds it was selling in Paris. When the real news was bad acerca Russia, as During 1905 Revolution STI or STI During War With Japan, it raised the face to millions. During the World War, newspapers Became more of a advertising agency on Behalf of the war effort, and avoided critical commentary. They seldom Reported the achievements of the Allies, crediting all the good news to the French army. In a word, the newspapers Were not independent champions of the truth, but secretly paid Advertisements for banking. [45]

The World War ended a golden era for the press. Their younger staff members Were Drafted and male replacements could not be found (women Were not Considered) available.) Rail transportation was rationed and less meat in paper and ink, and fewer copies Could Be shipped out. Inflation raised the price of newsprint, Which was always in short supply. The cover price Went up, circulation fell and many of the 242 dailies published outside Paris closed down. The government set-up Press the Interministerial Commission to Closely supervise the press. A separate agency imposed tight censorship That led to blank spaces news reports or editorials Where Were disallowed. The dailies: sometimes Were limited to only two pages Instead of the usual four, one leading satirical paper to try to report the war news in the same spirit:

     War News. A half-zeppelin Threw half STI bombs on half-time Combatants, RESULTING in one-quarter damaged. The zeppelin, halfways-Attacked by a half-portion of anti aircraft guns, was half destroyed. "[46]

The Parisian newspapers Were Largely stagnant after 1914. The major postwar success story was Paris Soir; Which Lacked any political agenda, and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939 STI circulation was over 1.7 million, double That of Its Nearest rival the tabloid Le Petit Parisien. In Addition con sus daily paper Paris Soir sponsored a highly Successful women's magazine Marie-Claire. Another magazine Match was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine Life. [47]

In the early 21st century, the best-selling regional daily was the Ouest-France in 47 Local editions, followed by Le Progres of Lyon, La Voix du Nord in Lille, and Provençal in Marseille. In Paris the Communists published l'Humanite while Figaro Le Monde HAD Local rivals in Le Parisien, L'Aurore and the leftist Libération.
Latin America

Influence British colonies extended globally-through STI and Its casual business relationships in major cities With merchants. They needed up-to-date market and political information. The Republican Seminar was the first non-official newspaper; it Appeared in Chile in 1813. El Mercurio was founded in Valparaiso, Chile, in 1827. The most influential newspaper in Peru, El Comercio, first Appeared in 1839. The Jornal do Commercio was established in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1827. much later founded STI Argentina in Buenos Aires newspapers: La Prensa in 1869 and The Nation in 1870. [48]
United States
Main article: History of American Newspapers
Asian newspapers
Main articles: Print media in India, Japanese newspapers and History of Chinese newspapers
India

Robert Knight (1825-1890), founded two Inglés language daily papers, the Statesman, in Calcutta, and The Times of India in Bombay. They Promoted Indian self-rule and Often Criticized the Policies of the British Raj. [49] [50]
China
Further information: Media history of China

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, Were Commonly Used court Among Officials During the late Han dynasty (2nd and 3rd centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government Officials. In 1582 privately published news sheets Appeared in Beijing, Ming Dynasty During The late; [51]
Shen Bao

From the late 19th century Until 1949 the international community at Shanghai and Hong Kong sponsored a foreign language press lively That covered business and political news. Leaders included North China Daily News, Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury, and for Germans, Der Ostasiatischer Lloyd, Shanghai and Deutsche Zeitung.

Before 1872 government Gazettes occasional announcements printed by Officials. In Shanghai Inglés businessman Ernest Major (1841-1908) established the first Chinese language newspaper in 1872. [52] His Shen Bao employed Chinese Journalists and editors and stories Purchased by Chinese writers; Also it published letters from readers. Serialized novels Were Popular with readers and kept them loyal; to the paper. [53] Shanghai's International Settlement large and powerful stimulated the growth of a public sphere of Chinese men of affairs WHO paid close attention to political and economic developments. Became Shanghai China's media capital. Shen Bao was the Most Important Chinese-language newspaper Until 1905 and was still flesh Important Until the communists to power 1949. [54]

Shen bao and other major newspapers saw public review as the driving force of historical change, sort of the reason That would bring progress and modernity to China. The public review editors Portrayed as the ultimate arbiter of justice for government Officials. Thereby They broadened the public sphere to include the readership. The encouragement of the formation of public review stimulated activism and form the basis for popular support for the 1911 revolution. [55]

Modernized Chinese newspaper journalism in the 1920s was según international standards, thanks to the Influence of the New Culture Movement. The roles of journalist and editor Were Became professionalized and prestigious careers. The business side Gained Importance and with a Greater emphasis on advertising and commercial news, the main papers, Especially in Shanghai, moved away from the advocacy journalism That Characterized the 1911 revolutionary period. [56] Outside the main centers in the metropolitan dailies nationalism Promoted was not as distinctive as localism and culturalism. [57]
See also

     Future of newspapers
     History of French newspapers
     History of Journalism

Notes and references

Weber 2006, p. 387
Weber, Johannes (2006), "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe," German History 24 (3): 387-412 (387), doi: 10.1191 / 0266355406gh380oa:

     At the same time, then a, as the printing press in the physical, technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word Also Entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was born.

"Weber, Johannes: Straßburg 1605: Die Geburt der Zeitung, in: Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, Vol 7 (2005), S. 3-27." (In German).
World Association of Newspapers: "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"
Stephens, Mitchell, NYU.edu, "History of Newspapers," Collier's Encyclopedia
BL.uk, Concise History of the British Newspaper in the 17th century
Wan-Press.org, A Newspaper Timeline, World Association of Newspapers
Oldest newspapers still in circulation, World Association of Newspapers
Concise History of the British Newspaper in the Eighteenth Century [dead link]
"The Oxford Gazette". London-gazette.co.uk. 7 November 1765. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/1665-11-01;1666-11-01/sort=oldest/start=1
OED, S. V. "Magazine".
"Republic of Pirates Blog: Have you seen me The hunt for the Weekly Jamaica Courant?". Republicofpirates.net. 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design (pp 130-133). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.