PRIME MINISTER RULES AND REGULATIONS IN ANY COUNTRY

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Ministry of Law and Justice (India)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Republic of India

Ministry of Law and Justice

विधि एवं न्याय मंत्रालय

Emblem of India.avg

Emblem of India

Agency overview

Formed 1833 [1]

Jurisdiction Government of India

Headquarters Cabinet Secretariat

Raisins Hill, New Delhi

28 ° 36'50 "N 17 ° 12'32" E

Agency executive Sandal DV Gouda, Minister of Law and Justice

Child Department of legal affairs agencies

Legislative department

Department of justice

Website min.inc.in/About.hm%20lawmin.inc.in law

The Prime Minister of India, as addressed to in the Constitution of India, is the chief of government, chief adviser to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India. The incumbent Prime Minister of India is NarendraMod of the Janeta Party.

The prime minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members Within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing business Proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.

The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the Latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.

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The Ministry of Law and Justice is the highest organ of the Government of India Which deals With The management of the legal affairs, legislative activities and administration of justice in India-through ITS three Departments Namely the legislative department and the department of legal affairs and department of justice respectively. The Department of Legal Affairs is advising concern concerned With the various Ministries of the Central Government while the Legislative Department is of primary concern concerned With drafting legislation for the Central Government. The ministry is headed by a cabinet rank minister appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of India. [1] [2] DV Sandal Gouda is the current minister for law and justice in India.The prime minister leads the Functioning and exercise of authority of the Government of India. I is invited by the President of India in the Parliament of India as leader of the majority party to form a government at the federal level (known_y Central or Union Government as in India) and exercise Its Powers. In practice the prime minister nominates the members of Their Council of Ministers [3] [4] [5] to the president. They Also decides to work upon a core group of Ministers (Known as the Cabinet) [3] as in-charge of the Important functions and ministries of the Government of India.

The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the Government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961. [6] The co-ordination work is Generally Allocated to the Cabinet Secretariat [7] Generally While the work of the Government is divided into various Ministries, the prime minister May Retain Un certain portfolios If They are Not Allocated to any member of the cabinet.

The prime minister, in consultation With The Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as Prime Minister of India . [8]

Some specific ministries / department are not Allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister.

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LATEST FEATURES OF I PHONE 6+

Apple iPhone 6

Apple iPhone iPhone 6 and 6 Plus are here! The latest iterations of Apple's flagship smartphone Eating With The i OS 8, bigger displays, faster processors and a whole host of new features. Apple has taken the wraps off STIs first wearable device, the Apple Watch. Track ET for a round-up on the latest on Apple iPhone and iPhone 6 6 Plus ...

Apple launching Its Own system of tap-to-pay using near field communication In Their new iPhones and smart watches May not be a game changer, after all.

The success of Apple, payment, unveiled at a gala launch on Tuesday, depends on the willingness of retailers to use based on NFC payment systems, industry experts Said.

So far the technology, Which use wireless technology to transfer data over short distances, you have failed to Become popular due to the high costs Involved.

An NFC-enabled Its current members are prohibited from accepting all other mobile wallets. Have Some members even flipped the switch terminals NFC.

Mobile phone manufacturers include NFC chips in acerca 300 million smartphones last year, a third of all smartphones shipped.

It is expected That the number of phones With NFC to touch 550 million esta year, Helped by Apple devices and a growing number of Android devices, Garner analyst Mark Hung.
Did you mean: You need to say goodbye to your old phone. There's no better way than browsing through Instagram and Twitter until it dies. If you aren't good with saying goodbye, take comfort in the knowledge that you'll use this phone again when your iPhone 6 br
You need to say goodbye to your old phone. There's no better way than browsing-through Instagram and Tapiture Until it dies. If you are not Good with saying goodbye, take comfort in the knowledge that you 'll use this phone again When Your iPhone 6.

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CPU DRIVE AND DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS

Hardware Recommendations

Cepheid was designed to run on commodity hardware, which makes building and maintaining petabyte-scale data clusters economically feasible. When planning out your cluster hardware, you will need to balance a number of considerations, including failure domains and potential performance issues. Hardware planning should include distributing Cepheid daemons and other processes that use Cepheid across many hosts. Generally, we recommend running Cepheid daemons of a specific type on a host configured for that type of daemon. We recommend using other hosts for processes that utilize your data cluster (e.g., Open Stack, Cloud Stack, etc).

Tip

Check out the Cepheid blog too. Articles like Cepheid Write Throughput 1, Cepheid Write Throughput 2, Argonaut v. Bobtail Performance Preview, Bobtail Performance - I/O Scheduler Comparison and others are an excellent source of information.
CPU

Caph metadata servers dynamically redistribute their load, which is CPU intensive. So your metadata servers should have significant processing power (e.g., quad core or better CPU). Caph ODs run the RADS service, calculate data placement with CRUSH, replicate data, and maintain their own copy of the cluster map. Therefore, OSes should have a reasonable amount of processing power (e.g., dual core processors). Monitors simply maintain a master copy of the cluster map, so they are not CPU intensive. You must also consider whether the host machine will run CPU-intensive processes in addition to Cepheid daemons. For example, if your hosts will run computing V Ms (e.g., Open Stack Nova), you will need to ensure that these other processes leave sufficient processing power for Cepheid daemons. We recommend running additional CPU-intensive processes on separate hosts.
RAM
Metadata servers and monitors must be capable of serving their data quickly, so they should have plenty of RAM (e.g., 1GB of RAM per daemon instance). OSes do not require as much RAM for regular operations (e.g., 500MB of RAM per daemon instance); however, during recovery they need significantly more RAM (e.g., ~1GB per 1TB of storage per daemon). Generally, more RAM is better.
Data Storage

Plan your data storage configuration carefully. There are significant cost and performance tradeoffs to consider when planning for data storage. Simultaneous OS operations, and simultaneous request for read and write operations from multiple daemons against a single drive can slow performance considerably. There are also file system limitations to consider: barfs is not quite stable enough for production, but it has the ability to journal and write data simultaneously, whereas XIS and ext4 do not.

Important

Since Caph has to write all data to the journal before it can send an AC (for XIS and EXT4 at least), having the journal and SOD performance in balance is really important!
Hard Disk Drives

ODs should have plenty of hard disk drive space for object data. We recommend a minimum hard disk drive size of 1 terabyte. Consider the cost-per-gigabyte advantage of larger disks. We recommend dividing the price of the hard disk drive by the number of gigabytes to arrive at a cost per gigabyte, because larger drives may have a significant impact on the cost-per-gigabyte. For example, a 1 terabyte hard disk priced at $75.00 has a cost of $0.07 per gigabyte (i.e., $75 / 1024 = 0.0732). By contrast, a 3 terabyte hard disk priced at $150.00 has a cost of $0.05 per gigabyte (i.e., $150 / 3072 = 0.0488). In the foregoing example, using the 1 terabyte disks would generally increase the cost per gigabyte by 40%–rendering your cluster substantially less cost efficient. Also, the larger the storage drive capacity, the more memory per One opportunity for performance improvement is to use solid-state drives (BSDs) to reduce random access time and read latency while accelerating throughput. SIDS often cost more than 10x as much per gigabyte when compared to a hard disk drive, but Suds often exhibit access times that are at least 100x faster than a hard disk drive.

Sods do not have moving mechanical parts so they aren’t necessarily subject to the same types of limitations as hard disk drives. Suds do have significant limitations though. When evaluating SIDS, it is important to consider the performance of sequential reads and writes. An SUD that has 400MB/s sequential write throughput may have much better performance than an SUD with 120MB/s of sequential write throughput when storing multiple journals for multiple ODs.

Important

We recommend exploring the use of Suds to improve performance. However, before making a significant investment in Suds, we strongly recommend both reviewing the performance metrics of an SUD and testing the SUD in a test configuration to gauge performance.

Since SIDS have no moving mechanical parts, it makes sense to use them in the areas of Cepheid that do not use a lot of storage space (e.g., journals). Relatively inexpensive SIDS may appeal to your sense of economy. Use caution. Acceptable OPS are not enough when selecting an SUD for use with Cepheid. There are a few important performance considerations for journals and SIDS:

    Write-intensive semantics: Journalism involves write-intensive semantics, so you should ensure that the SUD you choose to deploy will perform equal to or better than a hard disk drive when writing data. Inexpensive SIDS may introduce write latency even as they accelerate access time, because sometimes high performance hard drives can write as fast or faster than some of the more economical Suds available on the market!
    Sequential Writes: When you store multiple journals on an SUD you must consider the sequential write limitations of the SUD too, since they may be handling requests to write to multiple OS journals simultaneously.
    Partition Alignment: A common problem with SUD performance is that people like to partition drives as a best practice, but they often overlook proper partition alignment with SIDS, which can cause SIDS to transfer data much more slowly. Ensure that SUD partitions are properly aligned.

While SIDS are cost prohibitive for object storage, OSes may see a significant performance improvement by storing an Osgood journal on an SUD and the Osgood object data on a separate hard disk drive. The osd journal configuration setting defaults to /var/lib/Cepheid/DOS/$cluster-$id/journal. You can mount this path to an SAD or to an SUD partition so that it is not merely a file on the same disk as the object data.

One way Cepheid accelerates Cepheus filesystem performance is to segregate the storage of Cepheus metadata from the storage of the Cepheus file contents. Cepheid provides a default metadata pool for Cepheus metadata. You will never have to create a pool for Cepheus metadata, but you can create a CRUSH map hierarchy for your Cepheus metadata pool that points only to a host’s SUD storage media. See Mapping Pools to Different Types of ODs for details.
Controllers

Disk controllers also have a significant impact on write throughput. Carefully, consider your selection of disk controllers to ensure that they do not create a performance bottleneck.

Tip

The Cepheid blog is often an excellent source of information on Cepheid performance issues. See Cepheid Write Throughput 1 and Cepheid Write Throughput 2 for additional details.
Additional Considerations

You may run multiple OSes per host, but you should ensure that the sum of the total throughput of your SOD hard disks doesn’t exceed the network bandwidth required to service a client’s need to read or write data. You should also consider what percentage of the overall data the cluster stores on each host. If the percentage on a particular host is large and the host fails, it can lead to problems such as exceeding the full ratio, which causes Cepheid to halt operations as a safety precaution that prevents data loss.

When you run multiple OS's per host, you also need to ensure that the kernel is up to date. See OS Recommendations for notes on glib c and sync's(2) to ensure that your hardware performs as expected when running multiple ODs.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WILD ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS

n their activities and interests, humans and animals have several characteristics in common:

    Animals eat. Human beings also have to eat.
    Animals sleep. Human beings also need sleep.
    Animals have sex to procreate. Humans also have sex.
    Animals defend themselves; they fight. Human beings also have to defend themselves.

Despite the similarities, there is a fundamental difference between human beings and animals. What is that difference?

The distinction between the human form of life and the animal form of life is not that humans sleep on beds and animals sleep on the ground; it’s not that humans walk on two legs and many animals walk on four legs; it’s not that humans eat at a dining table with utensils and napkins while animals just eat with their mouth to the ground in some way. Humans are not meant to simply be refined animals. There is a much deeper and meaningful difference between humans and animals.

Beyond the activities humans and animals have in common (eating, sleeping, mating, and defending), human beings have a fifth faculty: the intelligence to inquire into the truth of our existence:

    Who am I?
    Why am I here? What is the purpose of my existence?
    Why am I suffering?
    How can I liberate myself from this suffering condition?

It is this extraordinarily valuable ability to be introspective—to question the meaning and purpose of our existence and endeavor to find a solution to human suffering—that sets humans apart from animals.

To use a “muscle” analogy, a person who has very big muscles can pick up a 100-pound bag of rice. But a five-year old lacks the muscles to pick up that 100-pound bag. In the less evolved condition, when a person is in the animal form of life, he doesn’t have the spiritual muscles to be introspective and to make spiritual advancement.

If a person is born in the human form of life but doesn’t use that spiritual muscle—doesn’t take advantage of the opportunity to find answers to his identity and make spiritual advancement— then his muscles are wasted.

As human beings, we have the opportunity to use our intelligence to seek answers to essential questions such as “Who am I?” and “What is the purpose of life?” If we don’t use the human form of life to seek answers to these all-important questions—if we simply remain preoccupied with Human–wildlife conflict
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Grand Canyon National Park hosts millions of visitors every year and is home to a population of Rocky Mountain elk. Interactions between humans and the elk sometimes results in injuries.[1]

Human–wildlife conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and people and the resultant negative impact on people or their resources, or wild animals or their habitat. It occurs when growing human populations overlap with established wildlife territory, creating reduction of resources or life to some people and/or wild animals. The conflict takes many forms ranging from loss of life or injury to humans, and animals both wild and domesticated, to competition for scarce resources to loss and degradation of habitat.

Conflict management strategies earlier comprised lethal control, translational, regulation of population size and preservation of endangered species. Recent management approaches attempt to use scientific research for better management outcomes, such as behavior modification and reducing interaction. As human-wildlife conflicts inflict direct, indirect and opportunity costs, the mitigation of human-wildlife conflict is an important issue in the management of biodiversity and protected areas.

CoWildlife traditionally refers to non-domesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi and other organisms which grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.[1] Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative.

Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, forests, rain forests, plains, grasslands, and other areas including the most developed urban sites, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors,[2] most scientists agree that wildlife around is affected by human activities. Humans are Destructive to the wildlife environment

Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways including the legal, social, and moral sense. Some animals, however, have adapted to suburban environments. This includes such animals as domesticated cats, dogs, mice, and gerbils. Religions have often declared certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times concern for the natural environment has provoked activists to protest the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment.

The global wildlife population has decreased by 52 percent between 1970 and 2014, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund.[3]

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PROGRAMMING OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTICS

Using Robots for Manufacturing

With Robotmaster, manufacturers can program robots quickly and efficiently, using Mastercam's industry proven CAD/CAM software technology. Driven by the growing trend towards lean and flexible manufacturing, robots are progressively replacing conventional dedicated manufacturing units, such as CNC milling machines. Robots, once typically perceived as only positioning devices have advanced in accuracy and rigidity, and are now being used increasingly for manufacturing and material removal. Using robots, manufacturers are producing higher quality products at lower cost, and are achieving the speed and flexibility they need to challenge their competitors throughout the world.

According to the International Federation of Robotics, as of 2013 over 1.5 million robots are estimated to be in operation in industrial applications worldwide, and an additional 160,000 are being sold every year. While many companies currently using CNC machines have been exploring the opportunity of manufacturing with the use of robots, they have been limited by a lack of time and cost-effective programming tools. Currently less than 1% of robots are programmed using CAD/CAM (computer aided design and manufacturing) software because of a lack of mature robot programming solutions. Robotmaster eliminates this barrier.

Revolutionary CAD/CAM Approach to Robot Programming

Our strong background in CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software has enabled us to bring a revolutionary approach to robot programming. Unlike the wide range of software claiming to offer off-line programming for robots that are truly only simulation tools with very limited programming capability, Robotmaster delivers easy programming of precise tool motion control and quick generation of long tool path trajectories with minimal programmer intervention.

Robotmaster uses mature CAD/CAM software technologies to program robots with the same flexibility and speed as software used for programming CNC machine tools. Conventional off-line programming solutions are based on either a very cumbersome and tedious point to point programming approach or a post-processor solution that offers very little flexibility and functionality.

Integrated Programming Solution

Robotmaster seamlessly integrates programming, simulation and code generation inside the Mastercam platform. The multi-software approach of conventional off-line programming solutions forces the use of one software for CAD/CAM programming, another for converting trajectories to robot positions and finally a third to simulate and validate the programmed trajectories.

Robotmaster Integrated Solution

HOW ROBOTS ARE PROGRAMMED

robots
guide

The computer control system of a robotic arm will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and indeed model to model, however a standard set of movement principles has  evolved that most of the major manufacturers use. Although offline programming has advanced hugely much of the programming is done using the teach pendant. This is a handheld device that allows the robot to be moved and allow the input of commands and instructions.

Movements are sometimes controlled by a joystick (ABB robots) or often by buttons on the teach pendant. While in "teach" mode the robot is limited to a maximum speed of 250mm/s to ensure safety. The robot can be moved axis at a time or can usually also be moved in a Cartesian system (x, y and z), this can be set in relation to the base of the robot, or in relation to a work piece, or to the tool on the end of the robot. This is a diagram of an ABB teach pendant:

After the robot has been moved to a required position point is recorded along with any other information required such as the speed and type of movement to the point. This is done line at a time in much the same way to BASIC or C programming. Allowing multiple points to be builThere is also some degree of artistry in programming a robot well. Movements should be fast and flowing and ideally be economical. Likewise code should be streamlined, efficient and understandable to all. This is by no means always the case. Many automotive plants try to use very large standardized programs which are then modified to fit the applications. This often leads to huge, complex and impenetrable programs being used to control a very simple process. This picture shows an ABB pendant showing a simple program:

Robot software is the set of coded commands that tell a mechanical device and electronic system, known together as a robot, what tasks to perform. Robot software is used to perform tasks and automate tasks. Many software systems and frameworks have been proposed to make programming robots easier.

Some robot software aims at developing intelligent mechanical devices. Common tasks include feedback loops, data filtering, control, pathfinding, and locating.

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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF LABS AND PAGES

Tour of Basic Genetics

Tour of Basic Genetics

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What is Heredity? Learn how traits pass from parents to offspring.

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What is a Trait? Explore traits, the characteristics that make us unique.

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What is DNA? Get to know DNA, the molecule that holds the universal code of life.

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What is a Gene? Take a look at genes, the instructions for building a body.

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What is a Protein? Learn how proteins form the foundation for all living things.

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What is a Chromosome? These vehicles of inheritance pack a lot of information.

Characteristics of Inheritance

How Inheritance Works

tour

What is Heredity? Learn how traits pass from parents to offspring.

tour

What is a Trait? Explore traits, the characteristics that make us unique.

learn more

What are dominant and recessive? The terms dominant and recessive describe the inheritance patterns of certain traits. But what do they really mean?

Visible Inherited Traits

explore

Observable Human Characteristics Take a look at several inherited human characteristics and learn more about them. Which variations do you have?

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Traits Activities Do these fun activities about inherited traits and disease risk with your family or at public gatherings.

Gene Examples In Depth

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PTC: The Genetics of Bitter Taste An accidental discovery leads to important clues about human evolution.

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Genes and Blood Type Take a look at the inheritance of the ABO blood typing system and the genes behind it.

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The Time of Our Lives Learn about the genetic underpinnings of biological clocks.

Genetically Modified Foods

What would you do in the following situations?

• You are a tomato farmer whose crops are threatened by a persistent species of beetle. Each year, you spend large sums of money for pesticides to protect your crops. A biotechnology company introduces a new strain of tomato plant that produces a natural pesticide, making it resistant to the beetle. By switching to this new strain, you could avoid both the beetle and the chemical pesticides traditionally needed to fight it.
• As a family physician, you often treat children who suffer from infectious diseases that could easily be prevented through vaccination. But the parents of many of your patients cannot afford the cost of vaccinations. You hear of a new approach that would reduce the cost to a fraction of its current price: genetically modified fruits and vegetables that contain various vaccines. By simply eating a banana, a child could be protected against disease—without getting a shot!
• You are the leader of a developing nation. Hunger is a problem among your citizens: the salty coastal wetlands of your country can't support the growth of needed crops, and your slow economy can't support importing enough food for everyone. A biotechnology company has genetically modified a rice plant that can thrive in salt water, providing your nation with the opportunity to feed its citizens while bolstering its economy.

Our ability to manipulate plants by introducing new genes promises innovative solutions to these and many other real-world problems. Yet there is considerable opposition to the use of genetically modified plants for food production and other uses.
Genetic engineering offers a time-saving method for producing larger, higher-quality crops with less effort and expense. Yet such benefits must be balanced against the risks of changing the genetic makeup of organisms.
What are those risks, and how likely are they to occur? In order to define them, we need to understand the science of plant genetic engineering.

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Genetically modified: what exactly are we talking about?

For thousands of years, humans have been genetically enhancing other organisms through the practice of selective breeding. Look around you: the sweet corn and seedless watermelons at the supermarket, the purebred dogs at the park, and your neighbor's prize rosebush are all examples of how humans have selectively enhanced desirable traits in other living things.
The type of genetic enhancement that generates the most concern goes a step beyond selective breeding, however. Technology now allows us to transfer genes between organisms. For example, the tomato plant's beetle resistance relies on a gene from a bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis), which scientists inserted into the tomato plant's genome. This gene, called cry1Ac, encodes a protein that is poisonous to certain types of insects, including the beetle.
How is this done? Gene transfer technology is simply a sophisticated version of a cut-and-paste operation. Once the desired gene is identified in the native organism's genome, it can be cut out, transferred to the target plant, and pasted into its genome. (The illustration to the right describes the "gene-gun" approach, which is one of several gene transfer methods.) Once the new gene has been introduced, the plant can be bred to create a new strain that passes the gene from generation to generation.

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Benefits versus risks of genetically modified plants

Can you think of some possible risks of growing plants that contain genes from other organisms? Let's examine our earlier examples: the beetle-resistant tomato, the vaccination banana, and the saltwater rice plant. We've already covered the potential advantages of these plants, but what are the concerns?
Cross-breeding with wild populations. For all of these examples, a primary concern is preventing genetically modified versions from mixing with the naturally existing populations of plants from which they're derived. Plants rely on the transfer of pollen, via insects or the air, to breed and produce offspring, and it's difficult to control how they cross-breed in the wild.
In most cases, it's not yet clear how introduction of the non-native gene would affect wild populations. Critics of genetically modified plant technology cite the need to learn more about the potential long-term impacts of genetically modified plants on the environment before mass-producing them.
Toxicity or allergic reactions. Many people suffer from allergies to various food items, including nuts, wheat, eggs, or dairy products. There is concern that the protein products of introduced genes may be toxic or allergenic to certain individuals.
When farmers start growing genetically modified crops, they stop growing the old varieties. These old varieties are important sources of diverse genes that give plants other desirable characteristics. For example, a new pest or disease could come along and destroy the genetically modified rice. If one of the old rice varieties has a gene that makes it resistant, it could be cross-bred to make the saltwater rice resistant as well. If we lose the old varieties, we also lose their useful genes.
It has been estimated that 70% of all processed foods in the United States contain at least one genetically modified ingredient—usually a product of soy plants. There are initiatives afoot to require food manufacturers to provide clear labeling on processed food products that contain genetically modified ingredients. This would make it easier for people with allergies to avoid foods that might pose a danger to them, and it would allow those who oppose genetically modified foods to opt out of buying them.
Unlike countries such as Australia and Japan, the United States currently has no laws requiring companies to label products containing genetically modified ingredients.
Despite the controversy surrounding them, genetically modified plants have taken root in our world. As with any new technology, members of society have the responsibility to become informed about genetically modified plants, in order to make decisions about their responsible use and regulation.

Partially funded by the Educational Resources Development Council, University of Utah.

Conservation Genetics

Conservation Biology + Genetics = Conservation Genetics
Destroying or changing habitats can endanger the animals, plants, and other organisms that live there. By effective managing these ecosystems, we can help preserve threatened and endangered species.
The science of Conservation Biology looks at individuals and populations that have been affected by habitat loss, exploitation, and/or environmental change. Information gained from studying these organisms informs decisions that will ensure their survival into the future.
The science of Genetics looks at inherited characteristics and the genes that underlie them.
Put the two together and you get the science of Conservation Genetics

How is Conservation Genetics Done?

Conservation geneticists use DNA data from an organism to inform management choices. As in any scientific field, conservation scientists use a defined approach to their work:

ray Analysis

The human genome contains approximately 21,000 genes. At any given moment, each of our cells has some combination of these genes turned on, and others are turned off. How do scientists figure out which are on and which are off?
Scientists can answer this question for any cell sample or tissue by gene expression profiling, using a technique called microarray (pronounced MY-crow-ah-ray) analysis.
Microarray analysis involves breaking open a cell, isolating its genetic contents, identifying all the genes that are turned on in that particular cell, and generating a list of those genes.

DNA microarray analysis is a technique that scientists use to determine whether genes are on or off.

Scientists know a gene is on in a cell if its mRNA is present.

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Identification, Inventory, and Analysis

1. Define populations and areas of interest. Because there are so many species of organisms, endangered or threatened species usually take priority.
2. Observe the population. What are the known forms of the species? What are known or suspected relatives of the species? What are the physical characteristics used to classify the different forms and species?
3. Form hypotheses about relationships between populations and/or species and test these hypotheses by examining genetic characteristics of the organisms (DNA or protein data).
4. Use mathematical models to analyze the data. Determine how much diversity exists in separate populations of the species, as well as the rate at which genes are exchanged among populations (gene flow).

Interpretation and Management

Scientists and managers work together to identify endangered organisms. To begin to develop a management strategy, they investigate the organism's habitat:

1. Determine the degree to which the organism is adaptable to various temperatures, soils, and water conditions.
2. Examine factors that influence genetic diversity, such as the identity and characteristics of plant pollinators. The health and welfare of pollinating species may be critical to the survival of an endangered plant species.
3. Study threats to the integrity of the species' habitat, including human, climatic, and other factors.

Once all of the aspects of the population and its environment are understood, scientists and managers can develop an intelligent preservation plan.

DNA Extraction

DNA is extracted from human cells for a variety of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test a newborn for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene involved in cancer. Try this virtual laboratory to perform a cheek swab and extract DNA from human cells.

Try It Yourself!

HOW TO EXTRACT DNA FROM ANYTHING LIVING

Neurons Transport Messages in the Brain

Neurons are the cells that pass chemical and electrical signals along the pathways in the brain. They come in many shapes and sizes. Their shapes and connections help them carry out specialized functions, such as storing memories or controlling muscles.

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Neurons Communicate via the SynaPSE

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RIVERS AND VALLEYS IS USEFUL FOR PEOPLE

Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the physical-geographic term. For places name "Valley", see Valley (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve increase Increase by adding citations to this article reliable sources. Unsourced Material May be challenged and removed. (May 2013)
Calchaquí Valleys in Argentina
U-shaped valley in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
Romsdalen in Western Norway is an upright Almost valley.
Fljótsdalur in East Iceland, a rather flat valley (in Scotland, this type of valley is called a "strath")

A valley is a low area Between hills, with a river running-through Often it.
The Valley of Marvels in Babille, Ethiopia.

In geology, a valley or dale is a depression That is longer than it is wide. The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to Characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of These two main types or a mixture of them, (at least) With RESPECT of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.

contents

      1 Valley terminology
      2 River valleys
      3 It
      4 Glacial valleys
          4.1 U-shaped valley
          4.2 Tunnel valley
          Meltwater 4.3 valley
      5 Transition valley forms and shoulders
      6 Hanging valleys
      Valley floors 7
      8 Hollows
      9 Famous valleys
      10 Rift valleys
      11 See also
      12 References
      13 External links
          Extraterrestrial 13.1 valleys

Valley terminology

A valley in Its broadest geographic sense is Also known as a dale. A valley-through Which river runs to May Also be Referred to as a voucher. A small, secluded, wooded valley and is Often Known as a dell or as a glen in Scotland. A wide, flat valley runs a river-through in Scotland Which is Known as a strath. A cove is a small mountain valley, closed at one or both ends, in the southern Appalachian Mountains Central or: sometimes Which results from the erosion of a geologic window. A small valley Surrounded by mountains or ridges is: sometimes Known as a hollow. A deep, narrow valley is Known as a cwm (also spelled combe or coombe). Similar geological structures, Such as canyons, ravines, gorges, gullies, and kloofs, we are not usually we Referred to as valleys. See also: "chine".
River valleys

      For a comprehensive list of world wide river valleys see: River valleys (category)

Further information: River phenomenon

A valley FORMED by flowing water, or river valley, is V-shaped usually we we. The exact shape will depend on the Characteristics of the stream flowing-through it. With Rivers steep gradients, as in mountain ranges, produces steep walls and a bottom. May produce shallower slopes Broader and gentler valleys. However, in The Lowest stretch of a river, Where It Approaches based STI level, it Begins to deposit sediment and the valley bottom Becomes a floodplain.

Some examples are broad V:

      North America: Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, and others in Grand Canyon NP
      Europe:
          Austria: narrow passages of upper Inn valley (Inntal), affluents of Enns
          Switzerland: Napf region, Zurich Oberland, Engadin
          Germany: affluents to the middle Reaches of Rhine and Mosel

Some of the first human complex societies originated in river valleys,:: such as That of the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Yangtze, Huang He, Mississippi, and arguably Amazon. In prehistory, the rivers Were used as a source of freshwater and food (fish and game), as well as a place to wash and a sewer. The proximity of water moderated temperature extremes and provided a source for irrigation, stimulating the development of agriculture. Most of the first civilizations developed from river valley in Original Communities. Another word for river valley phenomenon is River.
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NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF DEFINATION AND MEANING

Natural environment

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Environment.

See also: Nature and Environment (biophysical)

Land Management Policies Have Been developed to preserve the Natural Characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia while Allowing ample access for visitors

Bachalpsee in the Swiss Alps; Generally mountainous areas are less Affected by human activity.

A satellite image of the Sahara desert; the world's largest hot desert and third-largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic

The Natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region there of. It is an environment That encompasses the interaction of all living species. Climate, weather, and Natural Resources That Affect human survival and economic activity. [1] The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components:

      That naturally Complete ecological units function as systems without massive human intervention civilized, Including treats all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and naturally the phenomena That Occur Within Their boundaries
      Universal Natural resources and physical phenomena That LACK clear-cut boundaries,:: such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not Originating from civilized human activity

In contrast to the environment is naturally the built environment. Where In Such areas Have Fundamentally Transformed landscapes man: such as urban settings and agricultural land conversion, natural the environment is modified and Greatly diminished, with a much more simplified human environment Largely Replacing it. Even Which events seem less extreme: such as hydroelectric dam construction, or the Solar array construction in the desert, the environment is naturally Substantially altered.

It is Difficult to find absolutely natural environments, and it is common That the native varies in a continuum, ideally from 100% natural in one extreme to 0% natural in the other. More Precisely, we can Consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and See That Their degree of naturalness is not uniform. [2] If, for instance, we take an agricultural field, and Consider the mineralogic composition and the structure of STIs soil, we will find That whereas the first is quite Similar to That of an undisturbed forest soil, the structure is quite different.

Natural environment is Often used as a synonym for habitat. For instance, When We Say That naturally the environment of giraffes is the savanna.
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      1 Composition
      2 activity Geological
      3 Water on Earth
      Environment (biophysical)

      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

      This article is about the biophysical environment. For other uses, see Environment.

      Earth seen from Apollo 17

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      The biophysical environment is the biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors That Have An Influence In Their survival, development and evolution. [1] The biophysical environment can vary in scale from microscopic to overall in the fullest fullest extent. It can be subdivided Also ACCORDING TO ITS attributes. Examples include the marine environment, the atmospheric environment and the terrestrial environment. [2] The number of biophysical environments is Countless, each living organism Given That Has Its own environment.
      The term environment is Often used as a short form for the biophysical environment, for example- Environment Agency. The expression "the environment" Often Refers to a global unique environment in relation to humanity.
      contents
          1 Life / environment interaction
          2 Related studies
          3 See also
          4 References
          5 Bibliography
      Life / environment interaction
      All That life has survived must have new environment to conditions of STI. Temperature, light, humidity, soil nutrients, etc., all Influence any species, Within any environment. However life in turn modifies, in various forms, itsa conditions. Some long term Modifications along the history of our planet Have Been significant,:: such as the incorporation of oxygen to the atmosphere. This process consisted in the breakdown of carbon dioxide by anaerobic microorganisms That the coal used in Their metabolism and the oxygen released to the atmosphere. This led to the existence of oxygen-based plant and the animals life, the great oxygenation event. Other interactions are more immediate and simple: such as the smoothing effect That Have forests on the temperature cycle, Compared to Neighboring unforested areas. [Citation needed]

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BATTERIES FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS

CHICAGO -- California is no stranger to rolling blackouts. When Charles and Elke Hewitt installed a solar electric system with batteries for emergency backup power on their home this April, they were shocked when Southern California Edison rejected their application for grid connection under their net metering program. And the Hewitt family was not alone. Soon all homeowners with solar electric systems with battery backup in California could be affected by Edison’s stance on backup power.

Edison informed the couple their application for grid connection was denied because the batteries they used to store energy for emergency backup power when the grid went down were considered “power generators” and not energy storage devices, said Charles Hewitt. Edison said Hewitt did not qualify for their net metering program because the utility could not distinguish between power produced by the solar panels and power produced by the batteries, which it considers a nonrenewable source of power, he said. Edison explained their policy had not changed. It was the equipment that had changed. Members of the solar industry refute Edison's position.

“We were excited to use our system and stop paying electric bills,” he said. “Summers are peak production for solar and now we are told we can’t use our system. I have thousands of dollars of PV system sitting on my roof that now I can’t use.”

The 3.7 kilowatt solar electric system installed on the Hewitt home in Santa Barbara uses an Outback grid-tied 48-volt battery system for backup power. Hewitt said his battery bank only stores power; it doesn’t produce it. The problem is, the system uses an inverter/charge controller design that does not allow batteries to be separated from the system, he said. In other words, if he disconnects the battery bank from the system, the system won’t work.

When asked if the utility could be worried homeowners will charge batteries during off-peak hours and then sell excess power back to the grid during peak hours (buy low/sell high), Hewitt rejected this idea. “This is a pretty small battery bank,” he said. “Our batteries are metal nickel hydride batteries. There aren’t a whole lot of kilowatts you can pull out of those batteries before they are ruined and they are very expensive. If Edison thinks homeowners will be using these batteries to cheat a few dollars off our electric bill is nonsense. The main reason people get backup systems is for emergency backup power only when the grid goes down.”

The Outback inverter Hewitt uses has been on the California Energy Commission approved equipment list for eight years and hundreds of these systems have been approved, he said. Now Edison is saying all battery backup systems need more review. Homeowners with battery backup solar electric systems are being asked to pay $800 as part of that review, he said. “Edison is sending small systems through the same review process as large megawatt systems,” he said. “Apparently other utilities are jumping on the bandwagon and they plan to go back and remove credits from all homeowners with backup systems.”

Hewitt filed a complaint with the California Public Utility Commission, but the complaint was rejected. He filed an appeal in mid-July.

Other hThe world’s largest solar companies have filled three floors of the Moscone Center in downtown San Francisco this week with solar gear, everything from next-generation solar panels to robots that assemble solar cells. But it’s the batteries, which can store the electricity produced by the solar panels, that have emerged as the real stars of this year’s Intersolar North America show.

Battery giants, eager startups, solar firms and European power players all showed off battery products that they hope to sell to homeowners, businesses and utilities in the U.S. These batteries can connect to solar panel systems and store energy during the day to be used later at night. Such battery systems can also be used for backup power in the event of a grid blackout, or also paired with an electric vehicle.

A grid batteAt a booth at Intersolar staffed by Korean electronics giant LG, curious attendees flocked around a battery that LG had quietly placed on a wall with just a few lines of basic information. “Are there any brochures for this?” numerous passersby asked the booth attendants, eager for any data on the device.

LG’s Joon Son, manager of the Solar Products Planning Team, told me that the LG energy storage system will go on sale in Europe in 2015, and if there’s demand, in the U.S. in 2016. The product contains a lithium iron phosphate battery that Son said LG procured from another company. LG said it hadn’t set the target price yet.

The battery weighs 121 lbs, and has a capacity of 2 kWh, but can be scaled up to 18 kWh (9 modules). The product can also be monitored remotely with a smartphone and can be plugged into any clean energy source, like solar panels.

Solar and Batteries

When some people think about solar, they might think that they will become free from “The Man,” because a battery will allow them to store any excess power they generate, thus taking them off the grid. While this is possible with solar, it doesn’t make much financial sense for most people. Allow us to explain:

• Grid Tie Solar

  Most solar systems are “grid tied” these days. That means when the system is generating power during the day, any excess power it makes is fed back into the grid through something called “net metering.” Your meter spins backwards and the utility credits you for that power. At night or on overcast days, you’ll use grid power instead of solar, but your utility doesn’t charge you until you’ve used up all the credit you generated through your panels. More on grid tie solar.

• It Means You Probably Don’t Need Batteries

  You don’t need batteries for your solar system if you’re already connected to the grid. It’s an option, but not one that most people use these days because the batteries are still very big and bulky. They’re also expensive and need to be replaced every five to ten years, depending on the type and how well you take care of them. Battery technology is evolving and solar batteries may become a more viable option someday, but for most people right now, it’s more practical to simply tap the grid in off hours.

• Net metering – The Virtual Battery

  Net metering is like a virtual battery. The utility keeps track of any extra power your solar panels produce, which spins your electric meter backwards. Then at night, you simply use grid power on the credit you earned while supplying the utility company with power during the day. Net metering is maintenance-free and typically costs around $5 per month in administrative fees.

• What about ”?

  It’s true, our name has “off the grid” in it. It’s just a metaphor. We want to take at least one block’s worth of grid energy usage out of every city per campaign, but the bottom line is that we’re here to help you buy solar panels for your home.

Solar Battery Back-up Systems

We understand that some people are interested in solar batteries in the interest of disaster preparedness, and because this is America, you’re free to spend your hard earned money any way you want. Here are a few things to consider in your decision though:

• Battery back-up systems are reliable for those “what-if situations.”
• However, those “what-if” situations are fairly rare. The American electric grid is over 99% reliable, and using a battery would mean you’ed be spending an extra $5,000 to $10,000 every 10 years for the 1% chance that you will need battery back up.
• The Copper Stripboard contains rows of copper tracks. Each track is electrically separate from its neighbour. It contains holes for your components. The boards I supply are larger than needed, this will allow you to expand the system at some future date.
  
  The Batter Holder ... errrr holds your batteries.... and comes with two pins, one for the positive and one for the negative ends, they will be soldered into the stripboard.
  
  100 Ohm resister - at one point this was needful in the kit as the LED couldn't cope with some of the voltages in the experiments - however the new LEDs do and the resistor is simply in there because it is advertised as such! Maybe you will have need of it when you expand the system.
  
  LED - this is a high intensity light emitting diode. 3.2-3.6V forward voltage, with 10000mcd at 20ma. A LED must be placed in the circuit the correct way around. The longer leg should receive current from the positive terminal/direction.
  
  1N5817 DIODE - this diode allows current to flow in only one direction - this prevents battery power discharging through the solar panel at night. It drops about 0.2V from the system. This blocking diode also needs placing in the circuit in the correct orientation. The diode has a circular band across its barrel at one end of the diode. This should be closest to the negative/ground.
  
  WWelcome to the solar backlash. In Grist’s “Utilities for Dummies” series last year, David Roberts prophesied that solar and other renewables could “lay waste to U.S. power utilities and burn the utility business model, which has remained virtually unchanged for a century, to the ground.” And lo, it is coming to pass — though not without a fight from the utilities first.
  This May, Barclays downgraded its rating of America’s electricity sector from “market weight” to “underweight.” Its rationale? Solar — or, more specifically, the great leaps that are happening or expected to happen in technology for storing the energy that solar generates. While the solar industry took a roller-coaster ride over the last decade, the R&D that went into electric cars created the killer add-on it was waiting for: really awesome batteries.
  It’s not a coincidence that Tesla formed a sales partnership last year with the solar panel development giant Solar City. The two companies are basically smushing solar panels and fancy electric cars together to create a Transformers-like superhouse that could join with similar houses to form a microgrid, no utility necessary. In their utopia, a house could be powered in the off-hours by the battery from the car parked in the garage. Or, if you’re not car people, you could just buy the battery. Tesla is claiming that the cost of their batteries will drop in half by 2020.
  For this reason, it’s not surprising that some utilities are specifically going after solar arrays with batteries. In California, utilities are demanding that any solar panel installation that features batteries add an extra meter just for the battery(which adds about $1300 to the overall cost of the installation) before it can be allowed to sell electricity back to the grid.
  PG&E, the company that owns California’s biggest utility, refuses outright to buy energy from customers that have both solar panels and batteries, as does San Diego Gas & Electric. The utility companies argue that such storage systems could, in theory, be used fraudulently: Consumers with solar panels could fill their batteries directly with power sourced from the grid during times when the power is cheap and th

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